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ANSWERS

THE  UNITED KINGDOM

1. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1801. The  name was adopted in 1927.
2. London. With over 8 million inhabitants, it is the biggest city in Britain and one of the biggest in Europe after Istanbul and Moscow.
3.  The Union Jack. The name emphasises the nature of the UK as a union of nations. It is a combination of the cross of St. George, the cross of St. Andrew, and the cross of St. Patrick. The flag is also known by another  less common term, the Union flag.
4. Red, white and blue. It is a combination of the cross of St. George, the cross of St. Andrew, and the cross of St. Patrick.
5. The pound sterling. Commonly known as the pound, it is subdivided into 100 pence. The currency code for pounds is GBP,  the currency symbol is £.
6. David Cameron. The present leader of the Conservative Party was appointed the head of Her Majesty's Government in the UK on 1^1th  May 2010.
7. The Monarch. The religious head of the Church is the Archbishop of Canterbury.
8. Wales. When the first Union Flag was created in 1606, Wales was Principality of England.

GEOGRAPHY

1. The North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea and the English Channel. During the last Ice Age, Great Britain was attached to mainland Europe. When the last Ice Age melted away, new bodies of water were formed including the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Britain and Ireland became islands.
2. London Heathrow Airport. It is followed by London Gatwick, Manchester, London Stansted. Heathrow is the busiest airport in Europe by passenger traffic, and the third busiest in the world.
3. Great Britain. It is the largest island of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe,  and the ninth-largest in the world.
4. The River Severn. It is 354 km (220 miles) long. It runs through England and Wales.
5. Ben Nevis. It is rising to 1,343.8 m (4,406 ft), and is situated in the Grampian Mountains of western Scotland.
6. Lochs. The only exception is the Lake of Menteith and one or two man-made lakes.
7. Nessie. It is reputedly a large animal that inhabits Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. Its existence has been suggested; but has never been proved, or documented by scientists.
8. In 1994. Recognised as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World, the tunnel was opened by the Queen and French President on 6^th May 1994.

ENGLAND

1. London. It is the capital of England and the UK.  Found  by  the Romans on the River Thames nearly two thousand years ago, it is now the biggest city in Britain and one of the biggest in Europe.
2. The Anglican Church. The process of creating the Church of England was started by Henry VIII. In 1534, after the Pope`s refusal of granting an annulment to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry passed two important acts. The first, Act of Succession vested the succession of the English Crown in the children of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The second, Act of Supremacy  recognised the King as the only supreme head of the Church of England.
3. St. George. He was a soldier in the Roman army, later venerated as a Christian martyr.
4. 23^rd  March. In England it  is the feast day, though it is not an official national holiday.
5. Red rose. This flower became an emblem of England when two royal houses - Lancaster and York - were at a series of wars, called the Wars of Roses. House of Lancaster`s emblem was a red rose, and the house of York`s emblem was a white rose.
6. Fish and chips. Regarded as the most iconic British meal, fish and chips is not normally cooked at home. English people usually buy the dish at fish and chips shops, called  chippie . It is eaten on premises or as a take away.
7. The Mini. Made by the British Motor Corporation, it is the British equivalent of the Germanic Volkswagen Beetle, or the Italian Fiat 500.
8. Smith. It is the most common surname in England and Scotland.

SCOTLAND

1. Edinburg. It is the second most populous city in Scotland after Glasgow. It was built, like Rome, on seven hills.
2. St. Andrew. He was a Galilean fisherman, who worked in the Black Sea. When he met Jesus Christ, he became one of his disciples together with his brother, Simon Peter.
3. 30^th  November. In Scotland, like in many countries with Scottish emigrants, St Andrew's Day is celebrated with traditional Scottish music, food, dancing and fireworks. It is a bank holiday in Scotland.
4. Thistle. Prickly-leaved purple flower was first used as a symbol of defence in the 15^th  century.
5. A white X-shaped cross on a blue field. The flag of Scotland is known as Saint Andrew's Cross or the Saltire. The colours on the Scottish flag represent:

• white-peace and honesty;
• blue-vigilance, truth and loyalty.

6. Glasgow. Situated on the River Clyde, it is the fourth largest city in the UK after London, Birmingham and Leeds. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians.
7. Highland Dress. It is a uniform and an icon. People normally take immense care in correctly wearing proper Highland Dress. The basic elements of Highland dress - the kilt and the sporran - have changed very little in the last 300 years. Highland Dress is not only for special occasions; it can be worn at anytime.
8. Bagpipes. It is a wind instrument consisting of two or more reed pipes held in wooden sockets,  fastened to the bag. It is one of the most iconic symbols of Scottish culture.

WALES

1. Cardiff. The city has been the capital of Wales since 1955. Cardiff is crossed by three rivers; the Ely, the Taff and the Rhymney.  Both the Taff and Ely flow into Cardiff Bay creating an artificial lake.
2. St. David. He was a sixth  century missionary bishop and the founder of many monasteries.
3. 1^st  March. People with Welsh connection celebrate the life of their patron. Children wear traditional costumes, adults pin daffodils or leeks to their clothes.
4. Leak and daffodil.  On the eve of battle with the Saxons, St David ordered the Welsh to pin leeks to their caps for distinguishing mate from foe. Daffodil is traditionally worn on St. David’s Day.
5. Welsh and English. Under Welsh law both languages have equal status. Though one out of ten people consider Welsh as their native language. Road signs are both in English and Welsh. There is a Welsh language television channel, a Welsh language radio station. Welsh is a compulsory subject for all school pupils up to the age of 16 .

NORTHERN IRELAND

1. Belfast. It became the capital of Northern Ireland  in 1921 when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was created.
2. St. Patrick. When he was a boy, Irish pirates captured him from his home in Britain and  took as a slave to Ireland. He had been living there for 6 years, before he escaped  and came back to his family. When he became a cleric, he returned to Ireland where he served as an ordained bishop. He is known as the Apostle of this country.
3. 17^th  March. This is the date of St Patrick`s  death.  Many people wear an item of green clothing that day. Parties serving Irish food and drinks dyed in green are organised.
4. Irish and English. Northern Ireland has no official language. Most people speak English habitually. The Irish language, known as Irish Gaelic, is recognised as a minority language in Northern Ireland.
5. Shamrock. It is a three-leaved plant similar to clover. St. Patrick used it in his sermons to clarify the existence of the Trinity. He explained how the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit could exist  together in the same entity.
6. Gaelic football and hurling. Run by the same organisation, these games are strongly linked in many ways. Both hurling and Gaelic football are amateur games. Gaelic football is like soccer with limited use of hands allowed. Hurling, with over 3,000 years of tradition, is becoming one of the fastest growing team sports throughout the world.
7. Éire [ˈeːɾʲə]. It is the Irish name for the island of Ireland and the sovereign state.
8. St Patrick's Saltire. A red saltire cross on a white field appeared first on the badge of the Saint Patrick`s Order. When the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1800, the red saltire was added to the former flag to represent Ireland in the flag of the new country.

LONDON

1. The River Thames. It is the longest river in England and the second longest in the UK after the River Severn. 
2. Westminster Abbey.  The Collegiate Church of St Peter is a large, mainly Gothic church situated in the City of Westminster. Apart from royal coronation place,  it  serves as the burial ground for numerous sovereigns,  politicians and artists.  Charles Darwin, Sir Isaac Newton and David Livingstone were buried there .
3. The Buckingham Palace. It is one of  only a few working royal  palaces in the world with around 600 rooms, its own post office and police station. When the Royal Standard is flying from the roof, Her Majesty the Queen is in the residence.
4. Changing of the Guard. It is a ceremony where the Queen’s Guard, worn in their scarlet tunics and characteristic busbies, exchanges duty with the old guard in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace. The ceremony takes place at 11:30 from April until the end of July and lasts 45 minutes.
5. The Tower of London. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror soon after his coronation in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. The castle was built to proclaim the physical power of the new Norman monarch.
6. 10 Downing Street. Commonly known as Number 10, it is one of the most famous addresses in the world. Over three hundred years old, the building contains about one hundred rooms and serves as an office, home and a meeting place. The building’s exterior is recognizable by its modest black front door and its black brick facade.
7. New Scotland Yard. The name derives from its location in Whitehall Place with a rear entrance on the street called Great Scotland Yard. The Scotland Yard entrance was the public entrance to the police station, and it was adopted as  a metonym for the Metropolitan Police. Even though the force no longer stay there,  the name New Scotland Yard  is still used for subsequent headquarters.
8. Double decker buses. Double-deckers are the icon of London, England and the UK. Two storeys, short length, and large amount of seating capacity make them easy to operate through the narrow streets typical for Britain.  
9. The Tube. London’s underground transport system has been called in many ways in the last 150 years, e. g., the Underground, the Metropolitan or Met. The most popular nickname, the Tube, originally referred to just one of its early lines.
10. Black cab. Unlike Minicabs, which can only be booked in advance from a licensed minicab office, London's  black cabs can be booked in advance, hailed on the street or picked up from designated taxi ranks. If the yellow TAXI sign at the front is illuminated, the cab is available for hire.
11. London Eye. Situated on the south bank of the River Thames, a giant Ferris Wheel serves as the highest viewpoint in London available for the public. It is also called Millennium Wheel.
12. In Madame Tussauds. The museum  was set up in 1835 by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud. The most popular figures in the exhibition are royalty and stars.  It has branches in a number of major cities around the world.
13. Sir Christopher Wren. He is considered one of the most highly renowned English architects. He was engaged in rebuilding churches in the City of London after the Great Fire. St Paul's Cathedral, regarded his masterpiece, influenced style of buildings around the world.

LITERATURE

1. The Man Booker Prize for Fiction. It is awarded each year for the best original novel written in English language,  published in the UK.
2. Harry Potter and The Philosopher's Stone. It was published in 1997 by Bloomsbury in London after been rejected by 12 publishers.
3. Sherlock Holmes Museum. It is the most well-known literary address where the famous detective was supposed to live.  Sherlock Holmes never actually existed. He is a literary figure invented by the English author, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Smart private investigator, Holmes, solved complex criminal cases in 56 short stories and four novels.
4. Peter Pan. He is a character created by Scottish playwright and novelist J.M.Barrie. Peter Pan enjoys his adventurous endless childhood on the Neverland island.
5. Lewis Carroll. He was a man of many interests including mathematics, logic, astronomy and philosophy. As he was very fond of children and entertaining them, he wrote Alice in Wonderland and its sequel Through the looking glass. He modelled Alice’s character on the daughter of his friend.
6. In Sherwood Forest. According to the legend, he  was a fallen nobleman  who alongside his band of Merry Men robbed from the rich and gave to the poor.  

KINGS AND QUEENS

1. Your Majesty. The form used in the third person is  Her Majesty. Your Royal Highness is the style used to address to some members of royal families.
2. The Windsor Castle. Built by William the Conqueror in the 11^th century, it is the  oldest and the largest occupied castle in the world. The castle servers as a private home, where the Queen usually spends the weekends, and as a royal residence.
3. Prince of Wales. Unlike Scotland and England, which were Kingdoms, Wales has been a non-sovereign principality since the 13^th  century. In 1282 when the Welsh prince died in a fight with English soldiers, King Edward I captured Wales and called his son the Prince of Wales.  Traditionally,  the title Prince of Wales has been given to the eldest son of the monarch, so Prince William inherits the title when Prince Charles becomes King.
4. Elizabeth II. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, and Mary after her paternal grandmother.
5. Balmoral Castle. Situated  in Scotland, beloved by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert,  it is the private residence of the Queen. She stays there in August and September.
6. On 10^th  September 2015. Queen Victoria has been the longest serving British monarch so far. Her reign is  63 years and 217 days. Elizabeth will have reigned for 63 calendar years on 5^th February 2015. She will have reigned 63 years and 217 days on 10^th  September, 2015. It means that on 11^th  September, 2015,  Queen Elizabeth II will become the longest serving British monarch, provided she lives without abdicating until that date.
7. Welsh Pembroke Corgi. Queen Elizabeth II has several of them. She has been very fond of corgis since she was a small child. In the period of her reign she has had more than 30 corgis.
8. Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales. He will  become king when his mother, Queen Elizabeth, abdicates, retires or dies. In the case Prince Charles abdicates, he passes  the throne to his eldest son, Prince William of Wales.
9. Catherine Middleton. The wedding took place on 29^th April, 2011, at Westminster Abbey in London. Prince William has been given the title of the Duke of Cambridge by the Queen, and Miss Middleton has become Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge.
10. Edward VIII. Edward became king of the UK after the death of his father, George V. The King's desire to marry an American  twice-divorced woman, Wallis Simpson, threatened a constitutional crisis, and finally led to his abdication. He ruled only 326 days. He was created Duke of Windsor by his brother and successor, King George VI.
11. Queen Victoria. She loved her husband, Prince Albert, so much that when he suddenly died in 1861, many people feared of her sanity. After her husband`s death, she lived in Windsor castle outside London and very rarely left it.
12. Elizabeth I. Since the beginning of her reign, Elizabeth was constantly pressed by the Parliament, the Court and well-wishers to choose a husband. She silenced the Parliament saying: I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the Kingdom of England. She was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. 
13. Henry VIII. Henry's marital career is probably the thing that he is the most known for. Few people know, he was a glamorous Renaissance Prince who wanted to become the greatest king England ever had. He was  athletic, intelligent, talented and highly educated. He  was a composer and  an accomplished player of many instruments. He spoke foreign languages and wrote songs for his wives. In fact, he was one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne.

HISTORY

1. Almost four centuries. The Romans stayed in Britain from 43 to 409 AD. Their heritage is very important for British people. Romans left behind roads, cities, new plants and animals such as parsley, chestnut and chickens. They gave Britain legal system, roman numerals, calendar, measurements such as miles, feet and inches. The Romans introduced Christianity to Britain. Many churches are still built using designs like a Roman Basilica.
2. Angles, Jutes, Saxons.  The invaders consisted of various Germanic tribes, chiefly Angles from the historical area of Angeln, Schleswig Holstein; Jutes from the Jutland, Denmark; Saxons from Saxony. The Germanic invaders did not absorb the Celts, but rather conducted a war of extinction. The Germanic invaders replaced the Romanized Celts.
3. Excalibur. It was the sword that Arthur received from the Lady of the Lake. It was her acceptance of Arthur as the protector of Britain. The sword and scabbard were enchanted; the scabbard protected the owner from being mortally wounded, and the sword was supposed to be unbreakable.
4. Angles. They lived in the historical area of Angeln in north east Schleswig Holstein. England  was the land of the Angles.
5. Harold II. It happened at the end of the bloody, all-day battle on Senlac Hill, near Hastings. The last Anglo-Saxon king of England, Harold II was defeated by the Norman king William the Conqueror. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England.A
6. Joan of Arc. Called the Maid of Orléans, she  won many military victories over England and saved France from English rule. The Siege of Orleans, marked as a turning point in the Hundred Years` War,  was her biggest victory. Captured and sold to the English, she was put on trial and burned at the stake. When it turned out that Joan was innocent, she was made a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. She has been known as St. Joan of Arc.
7. Black Death. Struck in early 1330-s, the plague was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. It is thought to be originated in Asia and carried by  fleas living on the black rats inhabiting merchant ships. The disease caused spots on the skin that were red at first, then turned black. In winter, the disease seemed to disappear as fleas are dormant then. Each spring, the plague attacked again. It periodically reappeared for 300 years.
8. The Elizabethan era. Queen Elizabeth I was considered England’s best monarch. She was smart and clever; she chose the right advisors and was not dominated by them. She ruled for 45 years, and during this time England experienced peace and prosperity. New discoveries  brought riches in terms of gold, silver and spices. The arts flourished.. The medieval feudal system ended. England consolidated its position with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Elizabeth firmly established the Church of England begun by her father, King Henry VIII.
9. Sir Francis Drake. He was an experienced and daring seafarer. His pirate raids on Spanish ships off the coast of America helped England to become a major sea power.
10. Walter Raleigh. As English explorer, adventurer,  writer and a spy, he was one of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era. He was a favourite of Queen Elizabeth, who knighted him and made him Captain of the Queen’s Guard.
11. Guy Fawkes. He was caught in the cellars of the Houses of Parliament with several dozen barrels of gunpowder. The explosives were to be detonated when King James I with many parliamentary members appeared in the building. The conspirators were arrested, tortured and executed. To commemorate the event, many people set off fireworks and burn effigies of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire.
12. Mayflower. In 1620 the ship brought over a hundred English men and woman, members of a religious sect of Puritans. They wanted to reform the Church of England and because of this became very unpopular. Most of them were even persecuted, so they had to leave England forever. They landed on the shores of Cape Cod, today`s Massachusetts. In late December, the group moved to Plymouth Harbour where they formed the second (after Jamestown) permanent settlement of Europeans in New England. Unlike the single men who built Jamestown, mainly the courtiers, soldiers and adventurers; the Pilgrims were skilled, hardworking, and self-disciplined Puritans,  who settled mostly as families. They thought of themselves as  special people able to build a city upon a hill. The descendants of Pilgrim Fathers are significant part of today`s American aristocracy.
13. Eleven years.  Between 1649-1660 England, Scotland and Ireland had no king or queen. Olivier Cromwell ruled as the Lord Protector of England until his  death in 1658. Cromwell's son Richard tried to take his father's place, but he was not successful. The fact that the leaders started to quarrel  among  themselves  allowed  Charles II  to return to the throne. The reign of King Charles II  was called the restoration of the British monarchy. 
14. In 1666. The fire started at the bakery owned by the king’s baker. His maid failed to put out the ovens at the end of the night.   At this time most London houses were made of timber covered in pitch and tightly packed together. The streets were narrow and dusty. People used candles for light and cooked on open fires. A fire could easily get out of control. The great fire continued to spread rapidly helped by a strong wind from the East.
15. Titanic. The most famous ship ever sailed sank in the North Atlantic Ocean  during her voyage from Southampton to New York City. The tragedy happened in the early morning of 15^th  April, 1912, after a collision  with an iceberg. More than 1,500 people lost their lives in then. There were some of the most famous names of that time.  
16. Margaret  Thatcher. The Leader of the Conservative Party called the Iron Lady was famous for her uncompromising policy known as Thatcherism. Not only was she the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20^th  century, but also the only woman who held the office.

 EDUCATION

1. Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world, with the evidence of teaching dating back to 1096. University in Cambridge was found in 1209.
2. Oxbridge. Although both universities were founded more than eight centuries ago, the term Oxbridge is relatively new. It is often  used to emphasise superior social or intellectual status.
3. ABCDEF.  The letter A means excellent. B means good. C indicates that the student's work is satisfactory. These three are passing. The next are not passing. D means unsatisfactory and, depending on the school, may or may not allow the student to progress to the next level. E means marginal fail. The lowest level is F, and it means clear failed.
4. Three terms. The school year runs from September to July and is divided into three semesters: the Autumn term, the Spring term and the Easter term. In the middle of each term is given one week holiday.
5. Six weeks. Summer holiday is six weeks long. The Christmas and Easter holidays are usually two weeks long.
6. Eton College. It is an English independent boarding school. Founded in 1440 by King Henry VI, the school educates pupils aged 13-18. Apart from nineteen British Prime Ministers, including David Cameron, Eton has educated generations of scientists, writers, actors and aristocracy.

FESTIVALS  AND FOOD

1. Halloween. Also known as All Hallows' Eve or All Saints' Eve, it  is a yearly celebration observed  on 31^st  October. The tradition include carving jack-o-lanterns, trick-or-treating,  giving costume parties, visiting haunted houses. In the 19^th  century this tradition was carried by Irish and Scottish immigrants to North America.
2. Boxing Day. It falls on 26^th  December. Traditionally, it was a day when servants and tradesmen received gifts, known as Christmas boxes, from their bosses or employers. In modern times, it is an important day for sporting events and the start of the post-Christmas sales.
3. In Scotland. The kilts are associated with Celtic heritage. Recently, they have become popular in the other Celtic nations,  such as  Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, the Isle of Man and Brittany.
4. Red  poppy. It has become an emblem of Remembrance Day, also known as Poppy Day. They symbolise the blood spilled in the war since they bloomed across some of the worst battlefields  in WWI.
5. Roast beef. It can also be roast goose or turkey.  Dessert is often mince pies and Christmas Pudding containing delicacies, dried fruit and  spices. The dinner table is decorated with a Christmas cracker for each person and sometimes flowers and candles.

SPORT AND MUSIC

1. Liverpool. The four boys from Liverpool made their names in the 1960s. Their music was considered a real revolution. It was first influenced by American rock’n’roll rhythm and blues, then, by Indian mysticism and drugs. In the mid sixties, their records were consistently on the top of the pop music charts.
2. In Wimbledon. The Wimbledon Championship is the most prestigious and the oldest tennis tournament in the world. It takes place over two weeks in late June and early July.
3. In Ascot. The most prestigious race meetings take place in the village of Ascot, six miles from Windsor Castle. It occurs in June and lasts 4 days. With nearly 300 years of tradition, Royal Ascot is one of most important social event with smart dresses, fine food, champagne and spectacular hats.
4. London. The Games of the XXX Olympiad took place in London and to a lesser extent across the country.
5. Boat  race.  The first students` race took place in 1829, and this event has been held annually since 1856 (except the time of the WWI and WWII). Each boat has eight male rowers and a Cox that is the person in charge of a boat navigation and steering. All students really want their university to win.